International Programmes and Policies on Environment

 In this Geoshortqa we know about International Programmes and Policies on Environment and their main themes.

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✅United Nations Conference on Environment and Development

This Conference was held in Rio de Janeiro in 1992. It is also known as Rio Summit, Rio Conference or Earth Summit. It was chaired by Maurice F Strong.

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✅United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)

The objective of UNFCCC is to "stabilise greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent the climate system". The framework set no binding limits on greenhouse gas emissions for individual countries and dangerous anthropogenic interference with contains enforcement mechanisms.  

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✅Action For Climate Empowerment 

Action for Climate Empowerment (ACE) is a term adopted by the UNFCCC in 2015 to refer to Article 6 of the Convention's original text (1992), focusing on six priority areas: education, training, public awareness, public participation, public international access information these to cooperation and implementation of all six themes has been identified as the main factor for everyone to understand and participate in solving the complex challenges presented by climate change.

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✅Convention on Biodiversity

 The CBD known informally as Convention, is a multilateral treaty which has three main gols: I) conservation of biological diversity (or biodiversity). II) sustainable use of its components, III) fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from genetic resources.

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✅Nagoya Protocol 

The Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits Arising from their Utilisation to the Convention on Biological Diversity, also known as the Nagoya Protocol on Access and Benefit Sharing (ABS) is a 2010 supplementary agreement to the 1992 Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD).

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✅Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety

 Biosafety, an Cartagena Protocol agreement the Convention on Biological Diversity(CBD) effective since 2003 on international on biosafety is supplement to thehe Biosafety Protocol seeks to protect biological diversity from the potential risks posed by genetically modified organisms resulting from modern biotechnology

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✅Basel Convention

 The Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal, usually known as the Basel Convention, is an international treaty that was designed to reduce the movements of hazardeus waste between nations and specifically to prevent transfer of hazardous waste from developed to Less Developed Countries (LDCS). It does not, however, address the movement of radioactive waste.

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✅Stockholm Convention

 Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants is an international environmental treaty, signed in 2001 and in effect from May 2004, that aims to eliminate or restrict the production and use of Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPS).

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✅Rotterdam Convention

 It was adopted in 1988 in Netherlands and came into "Torce in 2004. The Rotterdam convention covers pesticide and industrial chemicals that have been banned or severely restricted for health and environmental reasons by the parties to the conference and which have been notified by the parties for inclusion in the Prior Informed Consent (PIC) procedure.

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✅Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) 

CITES, also known as the Washington Convention and is a multilateral treaty to protect endangered plants and animals. It was drafted as a result of a resolution adopted in 1963 at a meeting of members of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN).

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✅United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification ( UNCCD )

 It is a convention to combat desertification and mitigate the effects of drought through national action programs that incorporate long term strategies supported by international cooperation and partnership arrangements. To raise awareness about the  convention, 2006 declared "International  Year of Deserts and Desertification".

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✅Kyoto Protocol 

The Kyoto Protocol is an international treaty which extends the 1992 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) that commits parties to state reduce greenhouse gas emissions based on the premise that global warming exists and that human-made CO,) emissions have caused the global warming.

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✅Montreal Protocol

 The Montreal Protocol on Substances that deplete the Ozone layer (a protocol to the Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer) is an international treaty designed to protect the ozone layer by phasing out the production of numerous substances that are responsible for ozone depletion. It was agreed on 26th August, 1987 and entered into force on 26th August, 1989.

Montreal Protocol and whose annual per capita consumption and production of Ozone Depleting Substances (ODS) is less than 0.3 kg.

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✅Kigali Amendment to Montreal Protocol (2016) 

The Kigali Amendment to Montreal Protocol was an amendment done in 2016 to phase out Hydrochloroflouro carbons (HCFCS) by the late 2040s. It will be legally binding on countries from the year 2019.

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 ✅Scientific Assessment Review of Ozone Depletion, 2018 

The key findings of this review of ozone depletion has revealed that the Montreal Protocol has led to a decrease in the Ozone Depleting Substances (ODS) and there is recovery of stratospheric ozone. The Northern Hemisphere and Mid latitude ozone is predicted to heal completely (equivalent to 1980 values) by 2030s followed by Southern Regions in 2050s and in Polar Regions by 2060s. 

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✅Paris Agreement (COP21)

 The Paris Agreement is an agreement within the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) dealing with greenhouse gases emissions mitigation, adaptation and finance, starting in the year 2020. It is a bottom-up approach allowing nations to submit their own national plan for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. It will succeed Kyoto Protocol in post 2020s.

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✅UNFCCC (COP 22) 

COP 22 was held in Marrakesh, Morocco. It resulted in the Marrakesh Partnership for Global Climate Action, which aims to mobilise climat actions quickly and reap the benefits in efficiency and effectiveness through partnerships and coordination between different states. 

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✅UNFCCC (COP 23) 

COP 23 was held in Bonn, Germany. UNFCCC COP 23 led to the Suva Expert dialogue on loss and damage. Loss and damage is a concept where rich countries who have responsibility for climate change are liable to the developing countries who are facing the hazardous effects of climate change. 

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✅UNFCCC (COP 24)

COP 24 was held in Katowice, Poland. It concluded with the guidance rules guiding the countries for the fulfillment of their Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCS). The convention invited the countries to consider the outcomes Talanoa dialogue in preparing their NDCs.

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